Home > News > HOXB7 promotes malignant progression by activating the TGF-{beta} signaling pathway

HOXB7 promotes malignant progression by activating the TGF-{beta} signaling pathway

Overexpression of HOXB7 in breast cancer cells induces an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promotes tumor progression and lung metastasis. However, the underlying mechanisms for HOXB7-induced aggressive phenotypes in breast cancer remain largely unknown. Here we report that phosphorylation of SMAD3 is detected in a higher percentage in primary mammary tumor tissues from double transgenic MMTV-HOXB7/Her2 mice than tumors from single transgenic Her2/neu mice, suggesting activation of TGF-β/SMAD3 signaling by HOXB7 in breast tumor tissues. As predicted, TGF-β2 was high in four mouse Her2xHOXB7 transgenic mouse tumor cell lines and two breast cancer cell lines transfected with HOXB7, while TGF-β2 was low in HOXB7-depleted cells. HOXB7 directly bound to, and activated the TGF-β2 promoter in luciferase and chromatin-immunoprecipitation assays. Increased migration and invasion as a result of HOXB7 overexpression in breast cancer cells was reversed by knockdown of TGF-β2 or pharmacologic inhibition of TGF-β signaling. Further, knockdown of TGF-β2 in HOXB7-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells dramatically inhibited metastasis to the lung. Interestingly, HOXB7 overexpression also induced tumor associated macrophage (TAM) recruitment and acquisition of an M2 tumor-promoting phenotype. TGF-β2 mediated HOXB7-induced activation of macrophages, suggesting that TAMs may contribute to HOXB7-promoted tumor metastasis. Providing clinical relevance to these findings, by real-time PCR analysis, there was a strong correlation between HOXB7 and TGF-β2 expression in primary breast carcinomas. Taken together, our results suggest that HOXB7 promotes tumor progression in a cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous manner through activation of the TGF-β signaling pathway.

Does caffeine fight cancer?

Epidemiological studies have shown that caffeinated drinks may help prevent skin cancer by inhibiting a DNA repair pathway, thus killing potentially precancerous cells. In English, it means that drinking drinks containing caffeine will reduce one’s chances of developing some types of cancer, including UV-associated skin cancer. That just proves that caffeine fight cancer. The results, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, lend support to the idea that caffeine could be added to sunblock to increase its protective effects. At the cellular level, they’re showing that caffeine is working in this way of inducing an apoptotic mechanism. This statement was then made by cancer epidemiologist Joanne Kotsopoulos of the University of Toronto.

In the 2007, a study stated that woman who drank caffeinated coffee on a daily basis had a 10 percent lower risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Six or more cups of coffee a day translated to a 30 percent reduction in risk. Mouse studies have also confirmed the link, with both ingested and topically-applied caffeine lowering skin cancer rates in the animals. But exactly how the stimulant protected against cancer remained mysterious. One possibility is the drug’s inhibition of ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR), a large protein kinase that senses incomplete DNA replication often a result of DNA damage and signals the cell to not divide. By inhibiting ATR activity, caffeine could make cells more likely to die in response to UV damage, preventing damaged cells from ever becoming cancerous.

Studies have shown that the caffeine molecule acts as a sunscreen. It therefore blocks the penetration of UV rays. And that is why today we see many sunblocks with a good amount of caffeine in them.

read more

Can sugar consumption cause breast cancer?

A recent study stated that drinking three sugar sweetened drinks a week would increase the risk of having breast cancer. The study had 776 pre-menopausal women and 779 post-menopausal women. Each women’s breast density was assessed by examining their mammograms. The women were told to make a note of sweet they consumed such as chocolates, cakes, ice cream or any sweet drinks. Also they were asked to make a note of how much of spoonful of sugar they add to the drinks.

It was then found out that post-menopausal women who consumed more of sugar, an increase in the density of breast. While the pre-menopausal women observed an increase in breast density when they consumed sugar food. These women, in a week were just consuming three sugar sweetened drinks. The study then further stated that sugar tends to increase the migration of breast cells together. This explains the fact that the premenopausal women who consumed sugar-sweetened drinks were 3 percent more likely to have dense breasts than those who didn’t consume the drinks. And having dense breasts increases your risk of breast cancer by making it difficult to see tumors on mammograms.

However, there is more to be studied on this matter. But until then there is still a link between the sugar consumption and breast density. About 40% of women in the US have dense breast and they are totally unaware of it. Doctors say that women with a dense breast are five time more likely to have a breast cancer and 10 times more likely to miss the tumor in the mammogram test.

read more